1. Founded in 1960 as the Latin American Free Trade Area (LAFTA), which includes Mexico, Argentina, Brazil, Chile, Colombia, Ecuador, Paraguay, Peru, Uruguay, and Venezuela. In 1980 the Association was "rejuvenated" as the Latin American Integration Association (LAIA). Between 1960 and 1990, however, intraregional LAFTA/LAIA export trade increased from 7.9 percent in 1960 to 13.7 percent in 1980 before declining to 10.6 in 1990 (see table A4, below.)

2.. El Financiero Internacional, September 19­25, 1994.

3. The Association of Caribbean States (ACS) has 25 members compared to 12 original members of the Caribbean Community and Common Market (CARICOM). CARICOM may survive as the expanded political arm of ACS and/or take over the ACS economic role.

4.. System for Central American Integration.

5. The original Central American Common Market (CACM) "flourished" from its establishment in 1961 (Honduras joined in 1962, Costa Rica in 1963) through 1968, intraregional exports increasing from 7.0 percent in 1960 to 25.7 percent in 1970. In 1969, the "Soccer War" between El Salvador and Honduras disrupted the regions trade, and Honduras's explicit withdrawal from the CACM in 1971 came two years after it implicitly did so in 1969. "Low intensity" warfare beginning in Guatemala in the 1960s and in Nicaragua and El Salvador in the late 1970s spelled the end of the CACM, intraregional export trade declining to 14.8 percent by 1990 (see table A4, below.) Panama, which has never had more than CACM observer status, has refused to join CACM/SICA because of its service­based economy which contrast with the agriculture-based economies of the other Central American countries. See "Panama's Balladares Strikes Discordant Note at Central American Summit," Latin American Regional Reports: Caribbean and Central American Report, October 6, 1994 (RC­94­08).

6. Therèse Margolis, "Belize Seeks Closer Ties with Mexico," Mexico City News, September 27, 1994

7. President-Elect Ernesto Zedillo Ponce de León developed bilateral FTA talks in his November 1994 travels to Belize, Central America, and Panama.

8. See "NAFTA Invitation to Chile Caps Summit in Miami," Latin American Regional Reports: Southern Cone, December 29, 1994 (RS­94­10).

9.Free Trade Agreement of the Americas. On the schedule for FTAA negotiations, see Michael Kleinberg, "After Americas Summit [December 9­11, 1995], The Real Work Begins," Mexico City News, December 18, 1994.

10. "Aprueba la Comisión Europea un proyecto de libre comercio con México," Excélsior, February 9, 1995.

SOURCE: Interviews with policymakers, text notes, and sources and notes given in Table A2. About the number of Mexico's free trade partnership countries (seven in five agreements), as of December 31, 1994, see statements by Mexican Secretary of Commerce Herminio Blanco Mendoza, quoted by Patricia Cerda, "Aumentó 25 y 30% el comercio con EU y Canadá a partir del TLC," Excélsior, January 1, 1995.

Table 3
Major World Trade Blocs and Sample Countries, About 1993
Part I: Blocs
Numbers of		Population	GDP					GDP/C
Trade Bloc		Members	(M)			(B US)		(US)
NAFTA	3		363.3		6,404.2			17,622
SICA	6		29.5		36.0			1,222
ACS	25		198.7		474.0			2,386
G3	3		137.8		377.7			2,740
Andean Pact	5		93.8		160.1			1,707
MERCOSUR	4		191.6		544.1			2,840
Eur. Union	12		345.0		6,144.0			17,809
APEC	13		1,961.0		11,135.1			5,678
Part II: Sample Countries
NAFTA
Mexico		83.3		282.5			3,391
USA		252.7		5,610.8			22,203
Canada		27.3		510.8			18,711
SICA
Costa Rica		3.1		5.6			1,796
ACS
Cuba		10.7		26.9			2,500
G3
Colombia		41.7		1,241
Andean Pact
Venezuela			20.2		53.4			2,644
MERCOSUR
Brazil			151.4		414.1			2,735
Chile (nonmember)			13.4		31.3			2,336
European Union
Germany			79.6		1,692.0			21,256
APEC
Japan			124.0		3,337.0			26,911

SOURCE: Adapted and calculated here from data in,

For the Americas: Clint E. Smith, ed., Viable Paths of Accession to a Greater North American Common Market, Conference On North America and the Caribbean, Stanford University, January 14-16, 1994 (North American Forum Working Paper 94-1), Appendix C.

For EU and APEC: Hubert Suárez, "Libre Comercio, el Orden Mundial del Siglo XXI, Época 129 (November 22, 1993), pp. 50-51.

Table A4
Exports Shares of Selected Free Trade Areas, 1960-90
(% of Regionís Total Exports)
Part I. Intraregional
Area	1960	1970		1980		1990
Andean Pact	.7	20.7		15.9		18.6
CACM	7.0	25.7		23.3		14.8
CEAO		6.3		9.4		11.3
European Community	34.5	51.1		53.5		60.4
LAFTA/LAIA	7.9	9.9		13.7		10.6
UDEAC	1.5	5.0		1.7		4.6
Part II. World
Andean Pact	2.9		1.6		1.6	.9
CACM1	.4		.4		.3	.1
CEAO2	-		.3		.2	.2
European Community	24.9		39.0		34.9	41.4
LAFTA/LAIA	6.0		4.4		4.2	3.4
UDEAC3	.3		.2		.2	.1

Table A5
Mexico Foreign Trade, 1992
(M US)
		Mexico
Area		Exports		Imports
World	42,700		58,545
European Community	3,498		8,213
Japan	1,130		3,805
United States	32,624		40,598
Canada	2,207		613
Cuba	103		105
SICA	379		141
Costa Rica	87		41
El Salvador	118		9
Guatemala	122		68
Honduras	40		1
Nicaragua	12		22
Other Western Hemisphere (including other countries not listed below)	1,592		1,976
Argentina	181		259
Bolivia	7		7
Brazil	288		1,111
Chile	199		92
Colombia	151		61
Dominican Republic	106		2
Ecuador	43		21
Haiti	2		1
Panama	38		6
Paraguay	-		-
Peru	88		95
Uruguay	34		42
Other World	1167		3,094

1. 1. Calculated by DOT (Direction of Trade).

2. 2. DOT data, based on figures as reported by copartners about each other, often differ markedly from figures reported to IMF-IFS by each country about its own trade. For example, the IMF-IFS series gives Mexico exports to the world as US$27,878 million, imports as US$45,982 million. (The IMF-IFS figures are presented only as yearly totals in source below in which DOT data are given in detail.)

3. 3. Canadian trade with Mexico is understated because it becomes ìlostî as it travels through the United States. The lost amount is estimated at 15 to 30 percent of each countryís trade.

SOURCE: Calculated from IMF- DOT-Y, 1993. pp. 280-281.

Table A6
Mexico Foreign Trade Shares, 1992
(%)
	Mexico
Area	Exports	Imports
World	100.0	100.0
European Community	8.2	14.0
Japan	2.6	6.5
United States	76.4	63.4
Canada	5.2	1.0
Cuba	.2	.2
SICA	.9	.2
Other Western Hemisphere	3.7	3.4
Other World	2.8	11.3

SOURCE: Calculated from Table A5.

1. Calculated by DOT.

2. DOT data, based on figures as reported by copartners about trade with each other, often differ markedly from figures reported to IMF-IFS by each country about its own trade. For example, the IMF-IFS series (also shown in source below but only for total and not detail) gives U.S. exports to the world as US$ 448,164 million, imports as US$ 553,923 million.

3. Includes some Mexican-Canadian trade of which track is lost as it passes through the United States. See notes in tables A5 and A9.

SOURCE: Calculated from IMF-DOT-Y, 1993. pp. 403-405.

SOURCE: Calculated from Table A7.

1. Calculated by DOT.

2. DOT data, based on figures as reported by copartners about each other, often differ markedly from figures reported by each country about itself and published in IMF-IFS series. For example, the IMF-IFS series (also given in source below but only for totals and not detail) gives Canada exports to the world as US$134,056 million, imports as US$ 26,003 million.

3. Canadian trade with Mexico is understated because it becomes ìlostî as it travels through the United States. The lost amount is estimated at 15 to 30 percent of each countryís trade.

SOURCE: Calculated from IMF-DOT-Y, 1993, pp. 123-125.

SOURCE: Calculated from Table A9.

1. Calculated by DOT.

2. DOT data, based on figures as reported by copartners about trade with each other, often differ markedly from figures reported to IMF-IFS by each country about its own trade. (See table 5, note 2.)

SOURCE: Calculated from IMF-DOT-Y, 1993. pp. 57, 59, 61.

SOURCE: Calculated from Table A11.

a. Detail excludes 13.1 percent ìOther Worldî not listed.

SOURCE: Adapted from Gary Clyde Hufbauer and Jeffrey J. Schott,

Western Hemisphere Economic Integration (Washington, D.C.: Institute for International Economics, 1994), pp. 36-37.

1. Afghanistan, American Samoa, Bangladesh, Buthan, Brunei, Cambodia, China, Fiji, French Polynesia, Guam, Hong Kong, India, Indonesia, Kiribati, Korea, Lao, Macao, Malaysia, Maldives, Mongolia, Myanmar, Nauru, Nepal, New Caladonia, Pakistan, Papau New Guinea, Philippines, Singapore, Solomon Islands, Sri Lanka, Thailand, Tonga, Tuvalu, Vanuatu, Vietnam, Western Samoa, and Asia not specified (including Taiwan).

a. Detail excludes 1.7 percent ìOther Worldî not listed.

SOURCE: Adapted from Hufbauer and Schott, Western Hemisphere

Economic Integration, p. 29.

a. Annualized.

b. Projections.

c. Excludes Japan.

d. Includes Mexico.

SOURCE: New York Times, November 4, 1994, p. C2, based on data from the Office of the United States Trade Representative.

a. Effective 1994. Aims to eliminate trade barriers.

b. Effective 1995. Aims to phase out trade barriers in a decade.

c. Effective 1975. Aims to remove external tariffs on imports.

d. Starting in 1995, this duty-free zone will become a customs union, with uniform tariffs for imports.

e. Effective 1995. Aims to establish duty-free trade for 90 percent of goods and to phase out tariffs for the remaining 10 percent over the next decade.

f. Effective 1960. Aims to eliminate regional tariffs and to establish a common external tariff.

SOURCE: New York Times, December 9, 1994. Calculated from data from U.S. Department of Commerce, United Nations Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean, Central Intelligence Agency, and World Bank.